In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. . Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. #ga-ad {display: none;} Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Corrections? It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Grandmother. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Szczepanski, Kallie. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? . Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Inventions Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. He simply and quietly disappeared. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Corrections? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. "[5] Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. And so the war was waged. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica "Tianlijiao ", in. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. 22 Feb. 2023 . ", Dai, Yingcong. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. //White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. . Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. ." List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). . In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. White Lotus - Wikipedia [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." 12 talking about this. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.