Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. 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As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Problems faced by Elizabeth I in 1558 - YouTube Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. J. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. 214 High Street, Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. migration? Why religious compromise was so difficult. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. This meant atholics did not think . After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Register for free, Home / He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth I - Accession | Britannica This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The Catholic threat - Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. How successful was Elizabeth I in dealing with foreign policy - StudyMode The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . West Yorkshire, Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Foreign Affairs. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Why didn't Mary and Francis have a child? - coalitionbrewing.com As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Boston House, [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. to answer the Section Focus Question: King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Roman Catholics . Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 The threat of invasion was Elizabeth's main problem when she became Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Europe. Born: 7 September 1533. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Why was France a threat? She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. LS23 6AD Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Most people in . The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. From there we will look at the career . In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. By instinct, Elizabeth was a The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. - rebelling of scottish lords. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? . Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed).
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