Verma et al. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Bioelectromagnetics. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;25:4957. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Bioelectromagnetics. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Sci STKE. PubMed Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Merola et al. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Xiong et al. J Med Food. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. 2014;53:22230. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Google Scholar. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Front Neurosci. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Google Scholar. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. J Neuro. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. . Neuroreport. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Dasdag et al. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Brain Res. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2011;174:211. 2014;8:63. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. PubMed Central [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. 2006;12:44651. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. J Electromagnet Anal. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Ning et al. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Google Scholar. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. 2006;27:11926. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Cell Biochem Biophys. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. 2010;1347:17985. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate Bioelectromagnetics. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. J Pharm Sci. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 2012;112:1715. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Gene. 2015;91:30611. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Xu et al. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2010;39:67594. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Article Neurobiol Learn Mem. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Cassel et al. 2012;25:1828. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. 2011;18:32533. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. J Clin Oncol. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. PubMed Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged 2012;35:32534. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Vorobyov et al. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. as it have a harmful side. 2014;12:75. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. 2007;28:187380. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. 2006;98:170713. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. 2008;22:9927. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Springer Nature. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Cancer Res. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Behav Brain Res. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Neuroreport. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Article 2003;80:177. 2010;3:4650. 2012;3:3440. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? 2012;31:25074. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. 2009;4:e4389. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Mack et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. radiations. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. 2004;23:20114. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Chin J Indus Hyg. Bioelectromagnetics. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Article Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Article After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Int J Radiat Biol. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 1975;148:1723. millimeter, or equivalently. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. 1994;15:95104. Behav Brain Res. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Neuroreport. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. PLoS One. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Cosquer et al. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. 1984;4:285665. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. eliminating microwave and RF sources. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). 2014;9:e95503. 1984;11:4760. PubMed Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. 2016;397:2239. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. [84] and Sharma et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2010;28:445. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 1994;10:13548. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Dasdag et al. Finally, Hardell et al. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2010;2010. 1996;93:46938. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. J Sleep Res. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Int J Radiat Biol. P Nat Acad. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Google Scholar. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. [42] found similar results. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Singh et al. Qutob et al. 2006;5:389. 2001;12:72931. Joubert et al. 2015;91:55561. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. J Neuro-Oncol. Mol Neurobiol. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety CAS Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Electromagn Biol Med. 2011;107:35661. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 2008;49:16370. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 2013;34:58998. Article Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg.
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